Hi, Kris.
You asked: “Can anyone tell me the difference between a branch monastery and an associated monastery in relation to the Forest Sangha?”
Well, I suspect that it depends on the context. I don’t think that the terms are universally used or understood in the same way in every situation. Let me ramble a bit on my experience with the terms.
In Thailand, I think that there’s an idea that there’s a main monastery that is the central location for a particular lineage. That main monastery is the place where the head of the lineage resides—or did reside when he was alive. For example, Wat Pah Pong is the main monastery in Ajahn Chah’s lineage, and that’s where Ajahn Chah lived. As one of his disciples became mature, he might go off and start a branch monastery of his own, with Ajahn Chah’s blessing. In earlier times, the monk would just go off into the forest and live there. If people gathered around him, a monastery would flourish. In more recent times, a new monastery might develop because some supporters of the monk would find some land and invite the monk to come and establish a monastery there.
New monasteries in the West are established in a similar way. Lay people in a given area decide that they’d like to have a monastery close by. They gather the resources, find the land, and invite some monks from the main monastery to come and establish the monastery. That’s how Ajahn Sumedho was invited to come to England—a group of British people asked Ajahn Chah to start a monastery there, and Ajahn Chah delegated Ajahn Sumedho to make it happen. Similarly in California, lay people wanted to have a monastery, and they asked Ajahn Sumedho to send monks to make it happen. Thus Abhayagiri was born. Now Ajahn Sumedho’s monastic community (the Forest Sangha) includes monasteries in England, Italy, Switzerland, California, and elsewhere. All of them were created pretty much in this way.
Representatives from all of these monasteries are invited to attend periodic meetings of the Elders’ Council. These gatherings include the abbots and other senior representatives of all the monasteries in Ajahn Sumedho’s community. If a group of lay people wanted to establish a new monastery that’s part that community, they would ask the Elders Council to provide the monks for the new monastery. If the Elders’ Council decided to support the new monastery, it would be considered a branch monastery, and the Council would take responsibility—at least for the first several years—for making sure that it was adequately staffed with monks. As the years go by, the new monastery might become more independent. Perhaps it would spin off branches of its own. But it would always be part of the Forest Sangha family, and I think it would always have the right to send representatives to the Elders’ Council—even if it didn’t always exercise that right.
In addition to monasteries that have been created through the Elders’ Council (or its precursors), there are Western monasteries that have been established by monks in Ajahn Chah’s lineage but without support from the Elders’ Council. Examples are Birken Monastery ( http://birken.ca ) and Arrow River Hermitage ( http://www.arrowriver.ca ), both in Canada. These might be referred to as associated monasteries—as opposed to branch monasteries. Their abbots do not come to Elders’ Council meetings, the Elders’ Council doesn’t take responsibility for making sure that they are staffed with monks, and they are not bound to live by the decisions of the Elders’ Council. However, they are still part of the family, and good relations are enjoyed by monks visiting back and forth.
For a description of the Elders’ Council, and its precursors, see an article called “How Does the Sangha Decide?” from the October 2006 issue of the “Forest Sangha Newsletter.” Here’s a link to the article:
http://www.fsnewsletter.amaravati.org/html/77/decide.htm
Note that the last page of each “Forest Sangha Newsletter” lists the monasteries under the perview of the Elders’ Council—plus a few more, such as Wat Pah Nanachat, the international monastery that Ajahn Sumedho founded in Thailand before he came to England, and some monasteries in Australia and New Zealand. Just to muddy the waters a bit, the heading for the list is “Associated Monasteries.” This just goes to show that the terms “branch” and “associated” aren’t technical terms with universally agreed upon meanings.
You can also see a list of monasteries on the Forest Sangha web site. On the home page, the monasteries are divided into “Thailand,” “Europe,” “Other,” and “Related.” Birken and Arrow River are in the “Related” category. Here’s the link:
http://www.forestsangha.org/
Well, this is probably more than you wanted to know. And I hope I haven’t passed on any information that isn’t correct. If I have misspoken, please forgive me—and I hope someone will set me straight.
Dorothea